Heroin Addiction A Growing Epidemic - 1474 Words

Heroin addiction is a growing epidemic, especially here on Long Island. People of all ages, gender, race, and ethnic backgrounds struggle with this addiction. Heroin is a highly addictive analgesic illegal drug, that many people abuse. The disease of addiction is a powerful illness, that is difficult to recover from. Many wonder if there will ever be a cure. Addicts go through many stages of recovery, and many do not make it through treatment, and unfortunately relapse. Now that it is a common issue in the United States, healthcare workers face many issues regarding caring for patients with addiction, whether it may be in a hospital or rehabilitation setting, or a mental institution. It is a nurse’s responsibility to be aware and knowledgable about this serious disease and how to care for patients who are withdrawing from the drug. One of the most common treatments for heroin dependent patients is methadone. This treatment involves a long-term use, which is a opioid antagonis t, as an alternative to heroin. â€Å"Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is the most well established treatment for heroin dependence, providing improvements in abstinence, health, employment, criminal involvement, hospitalizations, rate of immunodeficiency virus onset and mortality† (Stephen et al., 2011, p. 624). Unfortunately, methadone itself is an opioid as well, so there is also a chance of dependence with taking it. With that being said, since you are just replacing one opioid with another, it isShow MoreRelatedThe Ironical History Of Substance Abuse1218 Words   |  5 Pagesand Medical Corps amputations also added huge numbers of veterans from both sides to the growing morphine epidemic—so many, in fact, that the epidemic became known as the â€Å"soldier’s disease.† The addiction resisted available treatments, and doctors despaired of effectively managing the growing drug problem. In fact, many doctors found their medical access to the drug an irresistible gateway to their own addiction. The public and the government tolerated the public sale of opioid drugs, allowing inRead MoreThe Problem Of Heroin Addiction Sweeps Small Towns  ¨ And David Muir Reporting Breaking Point Heroin1059 Words   |  5 PagesHeadlines such as  ¨Heroin Addiction Sweeps Small Towns ¨ and David Muir Reporting Breaking Point Heroin in America ¨ (ABC 20/20 March 2016) are only two of hundreds of such headlines that gives credence to this epidemic. This is taking a heartbreaking toll on communities across America. Heroin is a drug that does not discriminate based on sex, age or ethnic backgrounds. A user can be your neighbor, a family member and even someone who has affluence status. 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The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay Free Essays

Collaborative acquisition, synergism acquisition, small-group acquisition, and concerted acquisition seem to be the new cants used by faculty members. This is due to the intensifying involvement over the past few old ages, with respect to the different attacks to learning and larning. Particularly the passage from individualistic to collaborative acquisition manners has been under huge examination as university module members and decision makers are rediscovering the construct of ‘two caputs being better than one ‘ . We will write a custom essay sample on The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The involvement is been chiefly incited at a graduate student degree, where the key purposes are to develop the ability of pupils to believe critically, enhance mutuality and arrive at a socially constructed apprehension of the stuff provided. In add-on, alterations in organisational substructure have resulted in an increased accent on squad work within the work force. Consequently, the acquisition manner implemented at postgraduate degree is critical as it is the stepping rock into the universe of work. This reappraisal aims to measure the value of little group interaction in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Specifically, this reappraisal will measure how this method impacts learning and larning at a postgraduate degree. More specifically, in this reappraisal little group interaction includes collaborative acquisition, concerted acquisition, every bit good as equal acquisition. The history of this method of acquisition will be looked at first to give a clearer image of how it has evolved since its origin. Cardinal footings will so be defined, as they are applicable in this reappraisal, to guarantee apprehension of the most of import constructs occurs from the start. This will be followed by the theories that have developed, the advantages, and so the restrictions on the subject, so that a clear statement can be developed. Therefore, it will be determined whether collaborative methods consequence in the enhanced value of learning and larning at postgraduate degree. This pro be is greatly needed at a higher instruction level- as it is a topographic point where the competition is rife, clip force per unit areas are high and there is a great trade of external force per unit area to develop the leaders of tomorrow. 2. History of collaborative acquisition Although the history of collaborative acquisition is really unelaborated, it is non a comparatively new method of larning. It appears likely that people have been larning informally in groups for 1000s of old ages ( McInnerney A ; Roberts, 2004 ) . Kimber ( 1994 ) states that collaborative acquisition was foremost instituted in Greek and Roman schools and coincides with the doctrine of Socratic larning – when pupils ‘ inquiring and discourse were emphasized. Johnson, Johnson, and Holubec ( 1993 ) stated the Roman philosopher, Seneca showed support for concerted acquisition through statements such as: Qui Docet Discet ( when you teach, you learn twice ) . Kimber ( 1996 ) and Johnson et Al ( 1993 ) province that concerted acquisition came into prominence in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe and England. During this period Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell made extended usage of `monitorial ‘ systems which were devised to enable big Numberss of pupils gain simple instruction at post-industrial revolution schools which were missing in trained instructors. Student ‘monitors ‘ were used to learn other disadvantaged or younger students. Similarly, in the early 19th century concerted acquisition gained popularity among pedagogues across a spectrum of didactic Fieldss. In the late 1930 ‘s, nevertheless, interpersonal competition began to be emphasized in schools and in the late sixtiess, individualistic acquisition began to be used extensively. In the 1980s, schools one time once more began to utilize concerted acquisition. The work of Johnson, Johnson and Smith ( 1991 ) transferred the value of active acquisition to the university degree and argued that big schoolrooms could besides be transformed to go student-centered learning environments. In 1989, a workshop was held in Maratea, Italy. This workshop is considered by many to hold marked the birth of the field of computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( Bereiter, 2002 ; Stahl, Koschmann, A ; Suthers, 2006 ; Lipponen, 2002 ) . Additionally in 1996, Koschmann ( 1996 ) suggested computer-supported collaborative acquisition ( CSCL ) as an emerging theoretical account of educational engineering and CSCL has been progressing of all time since. 3. Definition of footings Collaborative acquisition has been established in a assortment of ways over clip in a spectrum of academic Fieldss. In the broadest sense, collaborative acquisition is defined by Dillenbourg ( 1999, p.1 ) as â€Å" a state of affairs in which two or more people learn or attempt to larn something together. † The ‘two or more people ‘ referred to in the definition above, is applicable in equal acquisition as â€Å" person of the same societal standing † ( Falchikov, 2001, p.1 ) , which in an educational context implies person â€Å" within the same category or cohort † ( Falchikov, p.3 ) . For illustration, pupils presently finishing their Masters Degree in Human Resource Management who web and addition cognition from interaction with each other are prosecuting in equal acquisition. Common to the assorted definitions of collaborative acquisition is that accent is placed on the thought of joint building of cognition and common battle of participants ( Li pponen, 2002 ) . In this reappraisal the footings collaborative acquisition and concerted acquisition are used interchangeably. However, a differentiation between the two must be noted. The former involves the joint battle of pupils, at assorted public presentation degrees, in a co-ordinated attempt to work out the job together ( Panitz, 1996 ) . The latter is accomplished by agencies of the division of labour, pupils work together in little groups to carry through a common end, whereby each individual is responsible for a fraction of the job resolution ( Roschelle A ; Teasly, in imperativeness ; Cooper, McKinney, and Robinson ( 1991 ) ; Gokhale 1995 ) . In add-on, Dillenbourg, Baker, Blaye and O’Malley ( 1996 ) indicate that basically the two differ by virtuousness of the manner the undertaking is divided: in concerted acquisition, the undertaking is split hierarchically into independent subtasks ; in collaborative acquisition, the cognitive patterned advance may be heterarchially divided in to intertwined beds. When utilizing the footings collaborative or cooperative larning interchangeably, the definition applicable, as stated by ( Yazici, 2005, p.217 ) is: â€Å" the instructional usage of little groups or squads where equal interaction plays a cardinal function in larning † . Additionally, Dillenbourgh ( 1999 ) contends that collaborative acquisition can be understood as a pedagogical method or a psychological procedure. Collaborative acquisition in a pedagogical sense is normative: one asks two or more people to join forces because it is expected they will in this mode learn expeditiously. In the psychological sense it is descriptive: one observes that two or more people have gained cognition and coaction is viewed as the mechanism which caused the acquisition. In this reappraisal, collaborative acquisition will be applied in the pedagogical sense with respect to postgraduate degree acquisition. 4. Learning at graduate student degree There are considerable differences in the purposes and methods of instruction and acquisition at undergraduate and postgraduate degree of instruction ( Lave A ; Wenger, 1991 ; Barnacle, 2005 ; Donnelly, 2008 ; Butler,1993 ) . The cardinal purpose at postgraduate degree is to come on the ability of pupils to believe critically ( Jones, Michael, Gear, A ; Read, 2006 ) . The procedure referred to as ‘post-conventional believing ‘ by Ashley ( 1973 as cited in Jones et al 2006 ) is critical in carry throughing this purpose. He defines it as a procedure â€Å" during which the pupil is able to travel from a place of noncritical credence of the orthodox to one of originative dissent, a procedure that stretches the mind and encourages the outgrowth of new or revised ways of thought † ( Ashley, as cited in Jones et Al, p.379 ) . Collaborative larning Fosters this procedure as it stretches the mind and encourages the outgrowth of advanced or revised ways of thought ( Ladys hewsky, 2006 ; Jones et Al, 2006 ) . Similarly, Machemer and Crawford ( 2007 ) argue that the traditional talk method of learning has two important failings at postgraduate degree. First, it promotes pupil passiveness which does non heighten or prolong the pupils ‘ acquisition. Second, the extremist alterations and elaborateness of the information makes it hard to draw-up talks that cover the necessary deepness, comprehensiveness and advanced cognition required. Conversely, a survey conducted in graduate student medical instruction resulted in both collaborative acquisition and the traditional talk method being every bit effectual in bettering the cognition degrees of pupils ( Smits, De Buisonje , Verbeek, Van Dijk, Metz, and Cate, 2003 ) . Therefore, when sing execution of collaborative acquisition methods, the context which it is to be applied every bit good as the construct of battle should be taken into history. The construct of battle is cardinal to successful acquisition at postgraduate degree ( Jungst, Licklider, and Wiersma, 2003 ) . Consequently as cited by Jungst et Al. it is in the active acquisition environment that a deeper degree of understanding and true acquisition occurs, larning that can be transferred to the universe outside of the schoolroom. In add-on, at postgraduate degree, pupils transform as societal agents and signifier individualities as scholars, professionals and, more widely, as members of society ( Havness, 2008 ) . However, antecedently O’Donell, Tobell, and Zammit ( 2007 ) argued that the nature of passage from undergraduate to postgraduate survey is less ambitious and there is small to get the better of because, in kernel, the environment remains the same. After farther survey, O’Donell et Al ( 2009 ) concluded that there should be greater independent survey by pupils at postgraduate degree and farther synergistic workshop-style instruction, taking to knowledge and understanding which is socially constructed instead than passively received. ( Beginning: Stahl, 2000, p.71 ) In add-on to knowledge being socially constructed, Stahl ( 2000 ) states that cognition should be personally constructed every bit good. Stahl farther explains that the diagram aims to associate the person and the societal facets in the knowledge-building procedure. This procedure begins with the rhythm of personal apprehension. The staying parts of the diagram exemplify how the person ‘s personal beliefs and civilization are influenced by other people ‘s values, beliefs and point of views ( societal procedure ) . A shared civilization is so formed, which impacts on the personal apprehension, as it takes form through act uponing the ways of thought, diverseness influences, every bit good as motivational concerns. The procedure is initiated once more when the new civilization adopted by the single influences others as he / she interacts with different groups of people. However, to guarantee that a knowledge-building procedure does in fact occur, the pros and cons of collab orative acquisition should be weighed up. 5. Advantages of collaborative acquisition For the successful passage to take topographic point, a great trade of research sing the result of collaborative acquisition in contrast to traditional instructional patterns has been conducted ( Kimber, 1994 ) . Instructor-centered methods of learning can non adequately impact the complex results ( job work outing accomplishments ; higher order believing accomplishments ; the ability to hold a diverse positions view ; ethical logical thinking ; and life-long acquisition ) that a postgraduate pupil requires ( Jungst et al, 2003 ) . Numerous surveies look intoing higher instruction conclude that pupils who follow in-class collaborative acquisition processs and actively collaborate with each other are more satisfied with their acquisition experience and consequence in greater positive results when compared to pupils who are exposed to the traditional talk method ( Kimber, 1994 ; Alavi, 1994 ) . Consequently, this satisfaction consequences from interpersonal relationships which are deve loped and enhanced through group acquisition ( Johnson et al, 1991 ) . Another factor lending to the satisfaction of collaborative acquisition methods is that it is per se motivative, as each single member is critical to procuring a productive, concerted acquisition pattern ( Havness, 2008 ) . Andrews ‘ ( 1992 ) work with larning squads confirms the position that greater satisfaction is experienced as collaborative larning improves assurance and supports the acquisition procedure. Additionally, Johnson A ; Johnson ( 1994 ) concluded that concerted larning systematically produced higher tonss of self-efficiency than did individualistic conditions. Besides greater satisfaction is achieved since equals are at an equal degree and therefore can be more unfastened and explore to the full the countries of cognitive struggle ( Ladyshewsky, 2006 ) . This satisfaction experienced consequences in avidity to larn ( Kimber, 1994 ) . In add-on, the degree of equality with equals encourages greater dynamic battle in the acquisition procedure and building of cognition with deeper apprehension ( Alavi, 1994 ) . Attainment of greater understanding consequences in longer keeping of information and turning away of abrasion ( Cooper, 1990 ) . As a consequence, job resolution accomplishments are enhanced and it consequences in higher order thought ( Jaarsma, De Graves, and Muijtjens, 2008 ) . Likewise, Mazen, Jones, and Sergenian ( 2000 ) further supports the importance of group acquisition by indicating out that by working hand in glove, pupils can heighten accomplishments and advanced ways of believing which will ensue in group procedure additions. When working hand in glove, the issue of diverseness must non be forgotten. Escalating Numberss of postgraduate pupils from diverse backgrounds with changing positions and readings are holding a profound consequence on concerted acquisition ( Booth, Bowie, Jordan, and Rippin, 2000 ) . Wyss-Flamm ( 2002 ) points out that the outgrowth of ‘difference ‘ is indispensable to larning. Exposure to the differences can elicit the demand to try to come in each other ‘s heads and therefore larning something for which the tool of conversation is priceless ( Argyris A ; Schion, 1996 ) . Similarly, Stein and Hurd ( 2000 ) acknowledge that collaborative acquisition transforms the acquisition environment into a student-centered one, which capitalizes on the diverseness of the pupils, and lessens dependance on the professor as the individual conveyor of cognition. This can ensue in interpersonal every bit good as intrapersonal procedures interacting with each other, making chances for larning to happen within the established modus operandis ( single-loop acquisition ) or larning that requires advanced modus operandis be created ( double-loop acquisition ) ( Argyris, 1999 ) . In contrast, Foldy ( 2004 ) states that persons who are portion of diverse groups will be characterized by feelings of misgiving or non experiencing safe as they are non grouped with those similar to them. Consequently, there will be greater intra-group struggle originating. Therefore, Booth et Al. bespeak that diverseness can merely be valuable to the acquisition if the differences are recognized and appreciated. Similarly, Milliken A ; Martins ( 1996, p. 403 ) province that diverseness in concerted larning groups can be seen as a â€Å" double-edged blade † , intending that it possesses the possible to be of great advantage, but this will merely happen if it is managed efficaciously. Extra benefits of collaborative acquisition, adapted from Nunamaker, Dennis, Valacich, Vogel, and George, ( 1991 ) , include: the group generates more information and options as compared to the mean single group member ; group larning motivates the person to execute better ; groups are more effectual and nonsubjective in rating, and in conclusion, interactions amongst group members lead to synergisms. Similarly, Boud, Cohen, and Sampson ( 2001, cited in Havnes, 2008 ) highlight five results that can peculiarly be advanced by equal acquisition schemes, these include: working with others ; critical question and contemplation ; communicating and articulation of cognition, understanding and accomplishments ; pull offing acquisition and how to larn ; self and peer appraisal. In add-on, collaborative acquisition has been found to back up greater productiveness, coevals of originative thoughts or advanced solutions, and heighten the pupils ‘ ability of societal position pickings ( Cus eo, 1992 ; Lord, 2001 ) . However it must be noted that these positive results do non predominate with all groups and in all contexts as the outlooks of group members may non conform to each other ( Felder A ; Brent, 2001 ) or societal idleness of free equitation may happen within the group ( Mello, 1993 ) . These jobs, if experienced, can finally ensue in the devastation of the group. However, when the positive results of collaborative acquisition do transpire, it supports the constructive impact that this method of acquisition has on academic-related accomplishment ( Alavi, 1994 ) . This is farther supported by empirical grounds of improved accomplishment at postgraduate degree ( DaRos- Voseles, Onwuegbuzie, and Qun, 2008 ; Collins, Cao, and Robidoux, 2004 ) . The degrees of academic accomplishment attained are fostered by the collaborative acquisition environment as it gives pupils an chance to prosecute in treatment, take duty for their single acquisition every bit good as accomplishment of the group ‘s ends, and therefore go critical minds ( Totten, Sills, Digby, and Russ, 1991 ) . This was farther proven in a survey conducted by Gokhale ( 1995 ) . 5.1 Study to find effectivity of collaborative acquisition: Gokhale 1995 The intent of this survey was to find the effectivity of collaborative larning versus single acquisition as it relates to larning results achieved. The population for the survey comprised of pupils in industrial engineering, enrolled at Western Illinois University. The intervention comprised of two parts: talk and worksheet. First, a common talk was delivered to both intervention groups. Next, one subdivision was indiscriminately assigned to the â€Å" single acquisition group † while the other subdivision was assigned to the â€Å" collaborative acquisition group † . The same worksheet was given to both intervention groups. It was comprised of both drill-and-practice points ( factual cognition and comprehension ) and critical- thought points ( analysis, synthesis and rating of constructs ) . Subsequent to a statistical analysis of the trial tonss, the consequences depicted that pupils who participated in collaborative acquisition had performed significantly better on the critical-thinking trial than pupils who studied separately. It was besides found that both groups performed every bit good on the drill-and-practice trial. The collaborative acquisition medium provided pupils with chances to analyse, synthesise and measure thoughts hand in glove. Therefore, the positive results of this survey on collaborative acquisition can be applied at a graduate student degree where the cardinal purpose is for pupils to believe critically and heighten cognition and apprehension which is socially constructed ( Jones et al 2006 ) . The consequences of this survey conform to the developmental positions ( Slavin, 1995 ) of collaborative acquisition proposed by the advocates of collaborative acquisition such as Vygotsky and Piaget. 5.2 Piaget ‘s Constructivist Perspective Validation of concerted acquisition stems, in portion, from theories of societal mutuality ( Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998 ) . Piaget ‘s socio-cognitive struggle theory provinces that kids ( or grownups ) on different degrees of cognitive development, or those persons on the same degree of cognitive development with differing positions, can prosecute in societal interaction that leads to a cognitive struggle. Through treatment with other equals, the ‘shock of our idea coming into contact with others ‘ ( Piaget, 1928 ) leads to a disequilibrium within participants. This consequences in the building of new conceptual constructions and understanding in order to reconstruct equilibrium. ( Ladyshewsky, 2006 ; Slavin, 1987 ; Lipponen, 2002 ) . The importance of collaborative acquisition can be farther understood by Vygotsky ‘s theoretical model. 5.3 Vygotsky zone of proximal development Parallel to Piaget ‘s constructivist position ( Piaget,1969 ) , Vygotsky ‘s theoretical concept of the zone of proximal development provides strong support for the inclusion of concerted acquisition as a method of instructional scheme as it consequences in the sweetening of the acquisition that occurs. Vygotsky ( 1978 ) defines the zone of proximal development as â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel or in coaction with more capable equals. † ( See figure 2 ) Figure 2: Zone of Proximal Development Beginning: Harnum ( 2009 ) 5.4 Theory of concerted acquisition Supporting the theory of societal mutuality, Slavin ( 1995 ) proposed a two-element theory of concerted larning comprising of positive mutuality and single answerability. Likewise, Johnson et Al. ( 1991a, 1991b ) advocated a five-component theory of concerted acquisition. Harmonizing to the theoretical account, the following five elements are indispensable for maximising the long-run success of the concerted learning venture: Figure 3: Pillars of concerted acquisition Pillars of Cooperative Learning Face-to-face interaction Positive mutuality Group processing Individual Accountability Social accomplishments Adapted: www.foundationcoalition.org The presence of the five basic constituents of concerted acquisition may all be accounted for within the theoretical model provided by Vygotsky ‘s zone of proximal development. Positive Mutuality: It is the connecting of pupils reciprocally so that the person can non win unless all group members win ( Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998 ) . Vygotskys ‘s theory rests upon the rule that a kid ‘s development is dependent upon interactions with other kids and grownups. Therefore, kids and grownups are developmentally dependent, and hence interdependent ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . Face-to-face interaction: Within concerted acquisition, face-to-face interaction involves pupils need to make existent work jointly in which they promote each other ‘s success by sharing resources and helping, back uping, encouraging, and acknowledging each other ‘s attempts to accomplish the group ‘s ends ( Johnson et al 1998 ) . It is interpreted in the Vygotskian system as societal mediation and encultration. Encultration refers to what is learnt, while societal mediation refers to how it is learnt. Individual answerability: It is the belief held by each person that he/she will be held responsible for his/her ain public presentation and acquisition ( Johnson et al 1998 ) . For Vygotsky, single answerability would be reflected in each group member being responsible for developing within their ain alone zone of proximal development ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . Group Processing: Group treating exists when group members discuss how good they are accomplishing their ends and measuring ways to better the productivity of all group member in accomplishing the group ends ( Johnson et al 1998 ; Doolittle, 1995 ) . Within the model of Vygotsky ‘s theory, portion of direction entails the changeless monitoring of each pupil ‘s growing within their zone of proximal development ( Doolittle, 1995 ) . This survey was inconclusive in demoing that graduate squads perform better with collaborative acquisition manners. However, the consequences for graduate pupils indicate that collaborative acquisition manner is influential in public presentation, along with competitory and participant acquisition manners. Johnson and Johnson ( 1998 ) besides conclude that alumnus pupils portray the traits of independent scholars and are enthusiastic to obtain some enterprise and lament to accept duties for their ain acquisition. Therefore, professors should be more interested to ease independent larning. Furthermore, Johnson and Johnson province that the function of facilitator or delegator ensures working with pupils in a advisory manner and sweetening of the pupils ‘ capacity to larn independently, this is similar to what is required in organisational squads. 6.2 Problems with collaborative acquisition manner Despite the positive results that have been stated, there are many jobs that exist as good ( Machemer A ; Crawford, 2007 ) . These jobs have resulted in some professors defying to prosecute in alternate theoretical accounts for learning and larning despite holding academic freedom in their instruction manners ( Moore, 2005 ) . The jobs experienced foremost include, a slow passage from traditional to collaborative signifiers of acquisition may happen particularly with pupils who can non accommodate easy or those who are extremely immune to alter ( Kimber, 1994 ) . Second, the degree of psychological safety in the colloquial infinite is a major determiner in results achieved ( Jones et al. , 2006 ) . Anxiety may originate as a consequence of the strangeness of the stuff being studied, or by the strain of lending to the conversation in a ambitious manner and could motivate a negative response and turning away of acquisition ( Vince A ; Martin, 1993 ) . Third, unconstructive discourse may originate when consensus can non be reached with respects to the stuff, ends or values ( Bruffee, 1984 ) . The increasing heterogeneousness ( Baer, 1996 ) and diverseness amongst graduate student pupils ( Booth et al. , 2000 ) escalates the happening of dysfunctional discourse in the acquisition procedure. Students may show farther hurdlings for collaborative acquisition which include: deficiency of engagement, backdown due to fear of negative rating, fright of some pupils ruling the session, troubles in maintaining the treatment focused, information overload for single members and measuring the degree of understanding ( Anderson, 1995 ; Nunamaker et al. , 1991 ) . The jobs experienced have caused certain lectors to give up on concerted larning techniques on the whole ( Cohen, 1994 ) . In the same manner, Machemer and Crawford ( 2007 ) point out that lectors give up on concerted larning methods as it has limited schoolroom ( talk ) application. In add-on, the design and testing of collaborative activities and lessons can be time-consuming on presently overloaded module agendas ( Cooper, 1995 ) . This consequences in concerns from a learning position, such as: the course of study non being completed as the activities take up a great trade of clip ; perceived loss of control in the schoolroom ; and trouble in measuring the pupils ‘ engagement and effectivity of the collaborative acquisition manners ( Gerlach, 1994 ) . Similarly, extra concerns include: the insufficiency of collaborative larning techniques in making high knowledge-attainment degrees with complex stuff, every bit good as pupils missing the critical features for working in effectual squads ( Cooper, 1995 ; Lord, 2001 ) . These critical features are what the ideal squad member should possess, which leads to the issue that the collaborative theoretical account assumes how professors are supposed to learn, how pupils are supposed to larn, and how cognition is created ( Moore, 2005 ) . However, Bruffee ( 1993 ) argues that cognition is non something transferred from one person ‘s caput to the following. â€Å" Collaborative acquisition assumes alternatively that cognition is a consensus among the members of a community of knowing peers-something people concept by speaking together and making understanding † ( Bruffee, 1993, p. 3 ) . Furthermore, Nias ( 1987 ) argues, that it is evident that non all pupils take an active function in the analysis of instances through argument. As affirmed by Jones et al 2006, a figure of factors may lend to this, including: Lack of assurance: pupils may grok the instance but do non set across their sentiment. Lack of involvement: the capable country may non be of involvement to each pupil. Lack of engagement: there are identifiable barriers to involvement ; e.g. domination of some pupils or linguistic communication barriers. Lack of readying: a deficiency of clip, committedness or motive. These factors should be mitigated every bit far as possible so as to make positive groups which help people to do positive alterations ( Goleman, Boyatzis, and Mckee, 2002 ) . Positive groups emerge where there are high degrees of single answerability, group coherence, seasonably and effectual feedback and expressed wagess for high degrees of group public presentation ( Michaelson, Fink, and Knight, 1997 ) . In contrast, unsatisfactory groups appear where free equitation or societal idleness ( doing less attempt to accomplish a end ) occurs ( Brooks A ; Ammons, 2003 ; Mello, 1993 ) . This may give rise to interpersonal struggles and finally group devastation ( Jehn A ; Mannix 2001 ; Miller, 2003 ) . Conversely, a longitudinal survey conducted ; found that a peculiar form of struggle resulted in higher group public presentation. This form was created as â€Å" squads executing good were characterized by low but increasing degrees of procedure struggle ; low degrees of relationship struggle, with a rise near undertaking deadlines ; and moderate degrees of undertaking struggle at the center of group interaction † ( Jehn A ; Mannix, p.238 ) . The persons ‘ dissatisfaction will most likely influence squad public presentation, squad stableness, the size and construction of the group, and temporal range ( Alge, Wiethoff, and Klein, 2003 ; Johnson et al. , 1991 ; Jaques, 2000 ) . In add-on, diverseness ( Koppenhaver A ; Shrader, 2003 ) and the squad members ‘ personal features, such as psychological profile, corporate orientation, and larning penchants are likely to act upon public presentation ( Kunkel A ; Shafer, 1997 ; Lancaster A ; Strand, 2001 ; Mennecke, Hoffer, and Wynne, 1992 ; Robbins, 1994 ) . These restrictions therefore pose a major menace to full development of the positive facets associated with collaborative acquisition and to the success of this method on the whole. 7. Decision From the reappraisal it is evident that there are assorted consequences sing the value of collaborative instruction and acquisition at postgraduate degree. It is evident that the benefits of this method outweigh the negative facets. However it must be noted, that the benefits do non use to all involved and if the restrictions are non adequately taken into history, the effects are bound to be black. In add-on, the diverseness amongst pupils particularly at postgraduate degree is intensifying. The heterogeneousness of pupils must be considered and hence, a ‘one method fits all ‘ attack should non be applied. Supervisors should change learning manners to suit for the diverseness of larning penchants amongst pupils. However, future research should be conducted to find the consequence of jointly using the different larning methods on pupils, their perceptual experiences or value placed on these techniques, and whether these methods will guarantee that optimum larning takes top ographic point. Professors need to switch from the impression that â€Å" instruction is stating, acquisition is absorbing, and cognition is subject-matter content † ( Spence, 2001, p.12 ) . This is important as employers in current organisations are demanding more than merely proficient cognition of university alumnuss ( Jungst, Licklider, and Wiersma, 2003 ) . They require alumnuss who can believe under force per unit area, guarantee effectivity in team-work, communicate efficaciously, and build new cognition and thoughts that will give their employers the border in the current fast-paced universe. ( Gardiner, 1994 ; Brown A ; Lassoie, 1998 ) . Therefore, by altering the patterns of instruction and acquisition in the schoolroom, there is greater possible for the happening of transmutations -for the persons, organisations, and systems ( Moore, 2005 ) . The possibility to restructure and rethink instruction and acquisition at postgraduate degree is exciting, exciting, disputing, hazardous, a nd ripe with possibility. How to cite The Value Of Small Group Interaction In Teaching Education Essay, Essay examples

South China Sea and ASEAN-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: There is a lack of consensus in ASEAN. Why? When did it emerge? Will it be long standing? Who is behind it -finally leading up to the issue of China. What has China got to do with the lack of consensus in ASEAN and how does that relate to the South China Sea disputes? Answer: There is a lack of consensus in ASEAN? Why? The major reason for the absence of ASEANs consensus is due to the activities of China on the South China Sea (SCS). The ASEAN defense ministers were thus enable to agree on the joint statement after the meeting/forum held on Wednesday. This inability is a clear reflection of the concern of these ministers about the activity of China in the South China Sea. This remained a salient issues of discussion as well as one of great concern by nations in the meeting since it was raised by everyone. For example, it was apparent from the unanimous decision by the PAC in 2016 that Chinas activities were hurting Philippines. The Court ruled in favor of Philippines in most questions including that Chinese ships behavior were physically obstructing the vessels of Philippines and against the law. The Tribunal further awarded that the nine-dash line of China alongside the claim to historic rights in SCS were both invalid as per the international law. [1] The Meeting held in 2016 showed lack of consensus where defense Ministers had to retract their statement that recognized the activities in SCS. They had expressed their serious concern over the latest and ongoing development that had eroded trust as well as confidence, augmented tensions as well as which could have the potential of undermining peace, security as well as stability in the SCS. The retracted statement had also recognized and emphasized the significance of non-militarization as well as self-restraint in conduct of each activity, including land reclamation that could raise tensions in SCS. They further retracted the statement where they had emphasized the significance of maintaining peace, stability, security, safety as well as freedom of navigation in alongside overflight above the SCS according to the conventionally acknowledged principles of the international law including 1982 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention) on the Law of the Sea). The ASEAN members have let the crucial economic links as well as interests with China to take frontline when working for consensus which only means that they will be sacrificing the unity on the major issues like SCS. [2] Unlike at the point of ASEAN formation in 1967 where the organizations world recognized trademark was its consensus approach where decisions were being taken by consensus, not by majority, the contemporary ASEANs decisions are solely by majority. When did it emerge? Will it be long standing? Who is behind it -- finally leading up to the issue of China? When it emerged? The lack of consensus emerged where the Southeast Asian Foreign Ministers failed to release the joint communique in Cambodias Summit in 2012 for the first time in history of ASEAN. The unity of ASEAN over SCS has remained a fraught issue for the ASEAN organization. [3] For the first time since inception, ASEAN foreign ministers, at the summit in Cambodia in 2012, failed to issue a joint communique, following a highly publicized stand-off the same year between China and the Philippines Scarborough Shoal in the SCS. The joint customary communique at the end of the high-level meeting that took place on 2016 also failed to happen in August as the statement was retracted barely hours after it had been released following the mention of Chinese illegal activities in the SCS. Will it be long standing? This lack of consensus will really be a long standing issue following the activities of China in the SCS. In absence of a leadership initiative on the part an ASEANs more neutral states makes it increasingly doubtful that ASEAN policy toward China shall change any soon. This is because ASEAN members seem to have the potential to lead the organization that can by extension establish a consensus on China. [4] Such a regional leader seems not to be here yet since it will need capacity both human and financial resources, internal commitment to undertake a leadership role as well as the buy-in of its regional as well as global neighbor. None of the ASEAN members seems to fit this decision yet or even come close to fitting it. For example, Jakarta stays the symbolic head that host the secretariat of ASEAN, yet Indonesia presently lacks the will to take the definitive leadership responsibility and role. The future of ASEAN will remain tied to rise of China. With an array of economic, military and political variances among ASEAN members, ASEAN requires a string voice among the member countries to guide both external and internal consultation, were members hope to generate on ASEAN-centric approach to issues of security and ultimate creation of consensus. In absence of a committed as well as capable ASEAN leader (s) on political-security matters, periodic eruptions of crises in SCS might continue to turn the status quo balance of power into the ASEAN chronic instability. Who is behind it -- finally leading up to the issue of China? China is behind this long standing stand-off primarily due to its activities in SCS. When the statement was released prior to retraction, it is understood that it attracted private protests from Beijing; even whereas it never mention China by name, it remained unusual for ASEAN ministers to implicitly criticize Chinese behavior or activities on Chinese soil. The diplomats have said to be the lack of consensus regarding how to refer to the South China Sea disputes. The South China Sea has remained a longstanding thorny issues for ASEAN, with various opinions amongst its ten members on how to speak to Chinas assertiveness as well as Chinas building alongside heavy arming of Chinese artificial islands in the disputed waters. The issues entail the requirement to mention the need to evade land reclamation and militarization fronted by Vietnam that is among the 4 members with competing sovereignty claims with China. China remains extremely sensitive regarding ASEAN mentioning its military capabilities expansion on such islands and some ASEAN members are concerned about the feasible repercussions of upsetting Beijing provided its economic power and military. Any attempt to reissue the statement with a softening of language on SCS-or even an outright omissions of this particular issue- might have raised fundamental questions regarding the willingness of ASEAN to jointly stand up to the adventurism of China in SCS, where Beijing has built the artificial islands as well as raised its military footprints lately. Among these states of ASEAN only Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei are direct claimants in the SCS disputes. Indonesia has lately encountered challenges with illegal fishing activities of China in its exclusion economic zone, but doesnt recognize the dispute with China. [5] The ASEAN seems unwilling and unable to stand up to China. The negotiations between China with ASEAN on the Code of Conduct for the SCS have dragged into their thirteenth year. China, at the same time, has undertaken an enormous land reclamation campaign to alter the status quo in SCS, leaving critics to lament the inability of ASEAN to form a united policy toward China. [6] The ambiguity regarding the rise of China remains a black sheep in the in Southeast Asia integration. Even though ASEAN had plans to achieve economic pillar of building a regional community by 2015, integration on political-security pillar remained gradual, partially as a result of ASEAN principles of non-interferences and non-confrontational haggling that slow consensus building. [7] The continuation of same policies by ASEAN towards China since 1990s has remained unsuccessful in keeping China from pushing Asian region towards instability as well as threatening the integration of ASEAN. For instance, China compelled a confrontation with Philippines over Second Thomas Shoal only 9 days prior to a round of Code of Conduct consultations in the year 2014, China demonstrated it had little concern for the goal of a cooperative regional order set by ASEAN. What has China got to do with the lack of consensus in ASEAN and how does that relate to the South China Sea dispute(s)? What has China got to do with the lack of consensus in ASEAN? China has exploited the divisions among the members of ASEAN and subsequently applied economic pressure, both negative and positive, to keep the economies from reaching a consensus on the maritime security in their individual backyard. Further, weak leadership on security as well as political issues has left ASEAN without a united approach on the aggression of China in SCS. This remains a fundamental reason why ASEAN stays divided on China. There is no leading economy to overcome political, cultural, and economic variances and forge an overarching consensus. [8] The leadership in ASEAN following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis remained extremely weak or absent at all making China to rapidly force divisions among the ASEAN members. Thailand and Singapore have offered restrained leadership on economic matters, but the ability of Thailand to perform such a key role has weakened because of Thailands internal troubles. China has exploited the absence of core leader to its advantage particularly lack of strong internal mechanisms in ASEAN to mitigate differences among the members to facilitate the lack of consensus in ASEAN. China, for example, has taken this advantage and allowed many ASEAN members to pursue different bilateral actions as well as policies which are extremely at odds with the ASEAN-centric approach to the regional matters. China is at the center of shaping the ASEANs strategic environment than ASEAN itself due the lack of strong ASEAN leadership. It is proclaimed that Chinese diplomacy had triumphed over Japan and the US stands out. It is argued that China has succeeded in splitting ASEAN bloc. Issues like the PCA ruling failed to be integrated into any statement/agreements as Cambodia came out to support China strongly. The Tokyo and Washington demands that the PCA decision be accepted were never passed. On the contrary, the position of Cambodia that acted as spokesperson of China to call for bilateral negotiation carried the day. Based on these sorts of examinations, it is apparent that ASEAN nations are never the protagonists. Instead, China, Japan and the US are treated as the major players in accounting of whatever they have in the store for ASEAN nations that are usually framed as if the lack agency. However, this remains a misguided state of thinking. The ASEAN individual nations have independent choices to make. [9] Whether or not the ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting integrates a joint statement on the decision of PCAs South China Sea, this is never about a national being compelled by Japan, the US or China; it is the policy that has been chosen by ASEAN. The real reason is that Southeast Asia has been the focal point of the power wrangle between China and the United States. Accordingly, when China has made forays into this focal point (South China Sea) on the basis of Chinas individual realism, ASEAN has been in awkward position thereby finding it challenging to cope as an organization. Further, while individual Southeast Asian economies could still cope with the United States or China openly employing logic of territorial expansion, on the surface such arguments have concerned rules-oriented concepts like the rule of law/freedom of navigation. Accordingly, it is increasingly hard for ASEAN to respond more efficiently and effectively. Simply put, whereas ASEAN seems to be a forum for deliberation, its structure impedes it from really generating a consensus/conclusion. This is the reason moving forward and not merely at the Foreign Ministers Meeting but at the broad array meeting- differing perception will continue of how ASEAN is tac kling such a Chinese realism internally. This is further evident to recognize the fault lines in the internal structure of ASEAN. This endured attention on a cross-section of variances is inevitable in its individual manner. However, even where there is an ongoing attention on rifts within ASEAN, they shall be in the context of restrained issues; as a whole there shall be an even firmer need for ASEAN to work as it has previously, which is to arrive at consensus. This further underscores the need for strengthening partnerships with additional-regional economies that back ASEAN. How does that relate to the South China Sea dispute(s)? The interferences by China that has impeded the consensus in ASEAN has a close relationship to the SCS disputes. For example, Chinas has a close ties with Cambodia that had to support it at the meeting of ASEAN foreign ministers held in Phnom Penh in July. This caused the dispute since Cambodias support to China ensured that the demands by Vietnam and Philippines were shelved. The two countries wanted the final communique to reflect their concerns over the series of incidents in SCS saves to China illegal activities and behavior. Philippines and Vietnam wanted the final communique to include Scarborough Shoal as well as various cable cutting incidents that involved Vietnamese-chartered ships. Having been influenced by China, Cambodia that held the ASEAN Chair and that has created close economic as well as political ties with China saves to land of strong leadership in ASEAN allowing China to influence it into such bilateral policies, declined arguing that such incidents amounted to bilateral disputes. [10] This led to failure by States on any attempts to reach a compromise on the SCS activities among the ASEAN foreign ministers. Accordingly, and for the first time since ASEAN inception in 1967, the organization failed to issue a final communique in 2012. Cambodia remained highly criticized for such truculence and further accused of having acted at the Chinas behest in order to secure continued assistance economically. Such a fiasco, was argued by Singapores foreign minister (K Shanmugam) had caused ASEANs credibility a severe dent while and hence Cambodias actions called ASEANs centrality into question. Cambodias actions public as well as embarrassingly revealed the lack of ASEAN solidarity over the SCS. This above examination reveals clearly that the lack of consensus in ASEAN is all about the disputes of SCS where China wants to undertake its illegal activities and behaviors by ensuring that there is internal division and lack of solidarity in ASEAN to shelve any issues of mentioning the SCS matters in its communique. China has succeeded in creating division in ASEAN by engaging directly into bilateral policies with ASEAN individual members in exchange of support economically and even politically so as to ensure that it has the backing of some member states of ASEAN to bar consensus as it did in the year 2012. Such interferences and weakening of the ASEAN by China has seen many disputes sprouting including the dispute between Philippines v. China on SCS where the International Court (PAC) has since delivered its ruling in favor of Philippines on most questions as outlined above. China thus wants to get support among the ASEAN members to illegally allow itself to continue harming others that it is various disputes. References Ba, A. D. (2003). China and ASEAN: renavigating relations for a 21st-century Asia. Asian Survey, 43(4), 622-647. Buszynski, L. (2003). ASEAN, the declaration on conduct, and the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 343-362. Buszynski, L., Sazlan, I. (2007). Maritime claims and energy cooperation in the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 29(1), 143-171. Chen, L. K., Liu, L. K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T. W., Bahyah, K. S., ... Lee, J. S. (2014). Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15(2), 95-101. Chong, F. (2012). South China sea breaches ASEAN. Asia Today International, 30(4), 5. Halper, S. (2010). The Beijing consensus: how China's authoritarian model will dominate the twenty-first century. ReadHowYouWant. com. Odgaard, L. (2003). The South China Sea: ASEANs Security Concerns about China. Security Dialogue, 34(1), 11-24. Ramo, J. C. (2004). The Beijing Consensus (p. 3). London: Foreign Policy Centre. Rowan, J. P. (2005). The US-Japan security alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea dispute. Asian Survey, 45(3), 414-436. Thao, N. H. (2003). The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea: A Note. Ocean Development International Law, 34(3-4), 279-285 Ba, A. D. (2003). China and ASEAN: renavigating relations for a 21st-century Asia. Asian Survey, 43(4), 622-647. Halper, S. (2010). The Beijing consensus: how China's authoritarian model will dominate the twenty-first century. ReadHowYouWant. com. Odgaard, L. (2003). The South China Sea: ASEANs Security Concerns about China. Security Dialogue, 34(1), 11-24. Buszynski, L., Sazlan, I. (2007). Maritime claims and energy cooperation in the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 29(1), 143-171. Thao, N. H. (2003). The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea: A Note. Ocean Development International Law, 34(3-4), 279-285. Chong, F. (2012). South China sea breaches ASEAN. Asia Today International, 30(4), 5. Ramo, J. C. (2004). The Beijing Consensus (p. 3). London: Foreign Policy Centre. Chen, L. K., Liu, L. K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T. W., Bahyah, K. S., ... Lee, J. S. (2014). Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15(2), 95-101. Rowan, J. P. (2005). The US-Japan security alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea dispute. Asian Survey, 45(3), 414-436. Buszynski, L. (2003). ASEAN, the declaration on conduct, and the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 343-362.